Research Reports

Abstract Hydra represents a pivotal Layer-2 scaling solution meticulously engineered for the Cardano blockchain. Its fundamental design objectives are to substantially enhance transaction throughput, drastically reduce latency, and significantly minimize transaction costs, all while rigorously […]

Abstract Hybrid finance (HyFi) signifies a pivotal evolutionary stage at the confluence of traditional financial systems (TradFi) and decentralized finance (DeFi), aiming to forge a profoundly integrated, efficient, and resilient global financial ecosystem. This comprehensive […]

Research Report: The Evolving Landscape and Impact of International Sanctions, with a Focus on Syria Many thanks to our sponsor Panxora who helped us prepare this research report. Abstract International sanctions have emerged as an […]

The Decentralization Imperative: Unpacking 51% Attacks and Centralization Risks in Blockchain Networks Many thanks to our sponsor Panxora who helped us prepare this research report. Abstract The revolutionary advent of blockchain technology promised a paradigm […]

The Intricacies of Hashpower in Cryptocurrency Mining: A Comprehensive Analysis Many thanks to our sponsor Panxora who helped us prepare this research report. Abstract Hashpower, often referred to as hashrate, constitutes the bedrock of Proof-of-Work […]

The Fully Digital Urban Economy: Challenges, Opportunities, and Pathways to Implementation Many thanks to our sponsor Panxora who helped us prepare this research report. Abstract The advent of a fully integrated digital economy within urban […]

Abstract In September 2025, Kazakhstan launched the Alem Crypto Fund, marking a significant step in integrating digital assets into national financial strategies. This initiative aims to accumulate cryptocurrencies and other digital assets, positioning Kazakhstan as […]

Abstract The advent of quantum computing presents both challenges and opportunities for blockchain technology, particularly concerning consensus mechanisms. Traditional Proof of Work (PoW) protocols, foundational to many cryptocurrencies, are vulnerable to quantum attacks, necessitating the […]

Abstract This research paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of Pakistan’s pioneering commitment to Sharia compliance within its emerging virtual asset regulatory framework. It centers on the strategic establishment of the Pakistan Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority […]

Abstract The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology has catalysed the emergence of novel consensus mechanisms, with Proof-of-AI (PoAI) representing a significant conceptual advancement. This comprehensive report undertakes an exhaustive examination of PoAI, […]